150 WHO RULES AMERICA WHO RULES AMERICA 151 when we realize the news presentation is biased, the media masters can still manipulate most of us. They cleverly slant the news they present as well as establishing tacit boundaries and ground rules for the "permissible spectrum" of opinion. As an example of opinion boundaries, consider the way news of the Middle East is treated. Some editors, columnists and commentators are lavishly pro-Israel in ever' -nerance, while others seem nearly neutral. No one, however, dares to be pro-PaleSt.aian or anti-Jewish, and no one dares suggest that the U.S. government is backing the wrong side in the Arab-Jewish conflict. Congressman Paul Findley wrote in his book, They Dare To Speak Out; AlPAC-the American Israel Public Affairs Committee-is now the pre-eminent power in Washington...."1 AIPAC crafted the strategy which produced a $510 million increase in aid for Israel in 1983--an astonishing increase because it came just after indiscriminate bombing of Beirut and the massacre of Moslem and Christian refugees in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps, events that aroused unprecedented public criticism of Israeli policy.2 By 1984, the aid level had risen to over $2 billion a year-all of it in grants with no repayment~and the approval margin was 112 United States Congressmen! It is amazing that Israel receives one quarter of all U.S. foreign aid.^ Many congressmen are embarrassed at their involvement in voting for this high level of aid but are more intimidated by the power of the controlled media over their lives and profession.^ Congressman Findley was one of the very few congressmen who criticized the Zionist policy. He was defeated after serving twenty-two years in Congress, while being a senior member of the House Middle East Committee. He dedicated his book to his grandsons, Andrew and Cameron-may they always be able to speak without fear. ' Thus, even the citizens who complain about "managed news" fall into a trap. They think that, because they are presented with an apparent spectrum of viewpoints on each major issue, they can believe the editor or commentator of their choice. They do not realize that it's one of those proverbial "heads I win, tails you lose" arrangements. The media masters do not leave viewers any options except the ones they don't mind an audience choosing. I wonder if other Americans have been as surprised as I was by the paucity of news stories on the high price of gas and oil in the U.S., especially since the dramatic drop in world oil prices? Who are the all powerful masters of the media? Whose interests do they serve? For a partial answer, consider the TV news broadcasting industry. This is probably the single most influential mass medium, and its example provides the answer to all of the other media. Virtually all national and international TV news in the United States is filmed, edited, and broadcast by just three corporations: American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. (ABC); Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (CBS); and National Broadcasting Company (NBC). Each company has been under the absolute control of one man over a long period of time-ranging from 30 years to 55 years. Each of these men has been able to staff the corporation at every level with officers of his own choice. In each case, the top executive or owner has been a Jew.-* TV NETWORKS The chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of ABC is Leonard Harry Goldenson, who has effectively headed the network since he became president of the predecessor corporation, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc., in 1953. (The name was changed to American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., in 1965.) CBS has been under the domination of William S. Paley virtually since its formation. The son of a Russian immigrant, Paley left the family cigar business in 1928, when he was twenty-seven, and bought United Independent Broadcasters for $500,000. He renamed it Columbia Broadcasting System and made himself president. He became chairman of the board in 1946 and held that post until his partial retirement in April 1983. He remains one of the largest CBS stockholders, a consultant, a director, and the Chairman of the Board's Executive Committee, although his old post of chairman of the board is now filled by Thomas H. Wyman. CBS has a separate TV subsidiary, CBS Television Network. Its president, a Paley appointee like most other top CBS officers, is James H. Rosenfield. ABC and CBS employ hundreds of persons in executive positions, and there are continuous important personnel changes. It is estimated that at least one-third of the current executives are Jews. Three men who have played the most important role in setting the policies and picking the leading personnel of the two networks-James Rosenfield, Leonard Goldenson, and William Paley-are all Jews. NBC is a wholly owned subsidiary of RCA Corporation, which was controlled by David Sarnoff until his death in 1970. Saraoff was a Russian-Jewish immigrant who became president of RCA in 1930 and was chairman of its board of directors in 1947. His son, Robert, took over in 1970 and ruled until the end of 1975. Since 1975, there has been a succession of different chairmen, but the power has remained with the senior officers of the corporation and with a close-knit Jewish faction on the board. Of fifteen RCA directors listed in the 1982 edition of Broadcasting Cablecastin Yearbook, five are Jewish, namely; George H. Fuchs, Julius Koppelman,